《Innovation on Demand: New Product Development Using TRIZ》
Author: Victor Fey, Eugene Rivin:
临近年底，决定围绕创新主题，反刍已读图书，阅读同主题新书，深入学习创新方法论，创造性思维和能力才是核心竞争力，虽然看不见摸不着，但这是有趣又长期有用的soft skill，还能在阅读中锻炼理解力。
本文只包含《Innovation on demand》第一章的读书笔记，我后面会单独再写一篇包括第二章第一节和第二节前半部分内容的读书笔记，因为从2.2 function开始就付费了，这本书太贵了（电子书超过500RMB），不过美区亚马逊可以租三个月120RMB，等我读完其他几本书再考虑是否购买。（经朋友指导，从二手书市场淘到99新正版，大约花了250元。）
目录和各章核心主题
本书关键词：系统system，矛盾conflict，系统创新systematic innovation，技术进化systematic evolution，TRIZ
In this book, we primarily describe the most formalized tools, such as the ideality tactics（理想化，最终理想解分析）, the separation principles（分离原则）, the sufield analysis, the Standards, ARIZ, and some others.
This book addresses the application of TRIZ to two basic activities which engineers and scientists in a technology-based company may be responsible for: (A) The improvement of existing technologies, products and manufacturing processes (“ problem solving”); and (B) The development of next-generation technologies, products and processes (“ technological forecasting”). TRIZ has proven to be greatly beneficial for both these activities. TRIZ方法既适用于现有产品和流程的问题解决，又适用于预测产品和技术的发展方向，开发新产品 。
Chapter 1 is an introduction that demonstrates the need for systematic innovation. 第1章介绍创新的大背景即产品开发流程及主要障碍，简单介绍TRIZ和技术进化原则。
- 1.1 Product development process
- 1.2 Stumbling blocks in PDP
- 1.3 TRIZ
- 1.4 Summary
第2，3，4章是TRIZ第一部分，即问题分析方法和概念构思方法（“the problem analysis and concept development tools”），强调技术矛盾，物场理论和具体TRIZ流程。
- 2 Resolving system conflicts
- 2.1 Technological systems
- 2.2 Functions
- 3 物场分析
- 4 ARIZ方法介绍
Chapter 2 describes TRIZ tools for resolving conflicts between competing design requirements. Application of these tools results in compromise-free design solutions. 利用TRIZ工具创造性的解决技术矛盾，避免用妥协的办法。
Chapter 3 introduces a TRIZ substance–field approach used for modeling physical interactions in technological systems. 物场方法，分析技术系统中的相互作用。
Chapter 4 describes the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving, the most powerful problem analysis and concept development tool of TRIZ. 介绍ARIZ具体流程。
第5，6章介绍技术进化原则
- 5 技术系统进化原则
- 6 如何引导技术进化方向
Chapter 5 describes the foundation of TRIZ–the laws of technological system evolution. 技术系统的进化原则是TRIZ的基础，因为进化原则指向“最终理想解”。
Chapter 6 outlines a comprehensive approach for guided development of next-generation products and manufacturing processes based on the laws of evolution. 如何基于技术进化原则预测未来。
1 Introduction 第一章 前言
This chapter shows the principal shortcomings of random innovation, and the need to replace it with a method of systematic innovation.
本章介绍传统的随机试错方法与新时代的系统创新方法。
1.1 Product development process 产品开发流程PDP简介
Every new product – whether the “product” is a technology, a device or a production process–originates from a new concept. To become a product, a concept must be generated, then evaluated and, finally, developed. This flow of activities constitutes the product development process (PDP) (Fig. 1.1).
产品开发流程，Need –> Problem define –> concept –> design
流程介绍：
step 1：识别客户需求，将客户需求转换成一个具体的技术问题。
The process begins with the recognition of a need. Then, the designer must transform this need into a clearly defined problem, or a set of problems. The output of this stage is a problem(s) statement accompanied by a list of various constraints (e.g., performance specifications, manufacturing limitations, economic conditions, statutory restrictions, etc.).
精确的定义问题，类似于ARIZ71的几个阶段，用特定语言描述系统组成，矛盾，明确理想解（目标），和特定的经济限制条件等。
step 2：概念开发，概念评估，将prototype提供给客户评估，看能否解决客户的问题。
In the next phase, various conceptual solutions to the problem(s) are generated.
In the following phase of the process, the generated concepts are evaluated against various criteria, and the most promising ones are selected for designing a prototype. The prototype is then built and tested. During this process, necessary corrections are usually made to the conceptual solution.
产生多个概念，评估每个概念是否符合要求，创建原型prototype。
step 3：概念定型，量产
Finally, in the detail design phase, the design is fully developed and the dimensions of all the components are determined, the materials specified, etc. Then, detailed drawings are produced.
传统问题包括很多新元素的发现，都是随机和盲目的尝试（blind testing，trial and error）。 现在有很多分析方法和工具辅助创新，还有行业经验，专利参考，等。
While working on a problem, an engineer can filter out weak concepts by using knowledge obtained from basic education, from his or her experiences and those of his or her predecessors, from information in patent and technical literature and, of course, by using computer-based systems such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and others that substantially facilitate the product development process.
1.2 Stumbling blocks in PDP 产品开发流程PDP中的常见错误
The least understood and, therefore, often poorly managed first two phases of the product development process are identification of a need and concept development.
产品开发流程中，最容易被忽略是前两个步骤：识别真实需求，概念开发 《创新算法》这本书也强调了“清晰定义问题”的重要性。
1.2.1 First stumbling block: technology strategy
从技术进化方向的角度去分析如何满足需求（need identification），识别需求的关键是明确技术进化方向。
本书和其他创新图书，重点介绍技术系统的进化原则，根据进化原则判断技术发展方向。之前读的一本书《理解未来的7个原则》读书笔记：拥抱确定性 – Zero，书中的一些发展趋势就是技术进化法则指明的方向。
The first phase–need identification–is, in addition to the market research, also the process of defining a technology strategy. The key question here is (or should be): “What is the next winning technology to satisfy the potential or perceived market need?” Answering this question requires a very good understanding of the trends of technology evolution.
正确地把握技术进化方向，就可以增强企业和个人的竞争力。比如书中举了很多例子，比如1990年美国钢铁公司在传统工艺改造和新型生产工艺之间选择了前者，而竞争对手正确的选择了后者，从而逐渐超过美国钢铁。这就是选择正确的技术进化方向的结果。
一方面是没有选对正确的技术进化方向以开发产品和技术，比如美国钢铁公司，诺基亚，胶卷公司；另一方面是低估符合技术进化方向的新产品，比如palm智能手机刚出现时没有得到重视，xerography技术被忽略，Corning公司的低成本光纤技术被AT&T公司忽略，等等。
The list of companies that lost their competitive position to more innovative rivals can be easily extended, but so can be the list of successful, “winning” products and technologies that did not have the initial support of management, or of the financial community.
了解技术进化原则的价值
how can we make sure that the products or technologies being pursued now are the ones that the market will need? How can we choose the best solutions? What are the criteria that will allow us to select the most promising concepts?
1.2.2 Second stumbling block: concept development
试错法（trial and error method），思维惯性（psychological inertia）
传统的发明方法是试错法（trial-and-error method），只能通过反复尝试来解决问题。（做实验和开发产品类似，前者也是先不断试错，之后才有了DOE这种科学量化的实验方法论）
Today, just as for many centuries, novel ideas in engineering (as well as in other areas of human activity) are mainly produced by the trial-and-error method. The essence of this method is a persistent generation of various ideas for solving a problem. There are no rules for idea generation, and the process is often stochastic. If an idea is weak, it is discarded and a new idea is suggested. The flow of ideas is uncontrollable, and attempts (trials) are repeated as many times as is needed to find a solution.
试错法的致命问题是容易陷入思维惯性的陷阱。文化，教育背景（比如局限在所学专业内），经验，和累积的常识（common sense）；芒格强调跨学科思维，避免思维局限。
Although seemingly random, most trials have a common attribute: they are more numerous along a so-called vector of psychological inertia. This inertia is determined by our cultural and educational backgrounds, previous experiences and “common sense.” More often than not, psychological inertia is created by a deceptively innocuous question, “How?” (e.g., “how to fix this problem”) that nudges the problem-solver toward traditional approaches, dims the imagination and is a key hurdle on the track to the best solution. In fact, the best solution often lies elsewhere, in territories that our common sense deems useless.
然后书中给出了几个思维惯性的例子。
- 苏联火箭科学家发现，月球探测器无法把灯泡安全送月球表面，尝试各种坚硬的玻璃都无法避免降落产生的冲击。 问题上报到总指挥那儿。His first question was: “What is the purpose of the bulb?” The answer was obvious–to seal a vacuum around the filament. However, there is an abundance of perfect vacuum on the Moon! This simple question solved the problem–no glass bulb was needed 。
- 工程师设计排气管，需要满足三个方面的要求 the noise level, back pressure (affecting the engine’s efficiency) and cost，最终选出的三个方案，无法确保三个指标同时达标。噪音达标的要么成本太高要么压力太高。 如何解决问题。 Analysis of the situation by TRIZ methods lead them to question what had to be achieved。判断真正要达到的目标是什么，分析“noise level”目标，发现只需要改动排气管的出口方向，就可以确保“噪音测试仪器的检测结果合格”，虽然“排气管本身的噪音没有减弱”。
这两个例子可以清晰的反映“思维惯性”的危害，实际问题的解决办法如此简单，但我们却陷入思维惯性的困境。
The fact that such simple solutions in both examples were missed, illustrates the obstructing power of psychological inertia.
The trial-and-error method results in valuable time being wasted when searching for solutions to difficult problems. Damages from the hit-and-miss approach are associated with lost competitiveness and a waste of manpower and financial resources.
1.3 TRIZ
技术进化遵循一定的模式和规律。这些规律即可用于解决现有问题，又能用于创造新产品。
The evolution of technology follows repeatable patterns. These patterns can be applied to the systematic development of technologies–both to solving product design and production problems and to the development of next-generation technologies and products.
Triz方法的前提是，技术进化遵循特定的规律，即后面要展开说的技术进化法则。
The premise of TRIZ is that the evolution of technological systems is not random, but is governed by certain laws.
TRIZ是一种结构化的“系统创新”方法论，代替传统试错法的随机尝试方法，最初针对的领域是工程技术领域。
The name, Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, reflects Altshuller’s initial intention when developing TRIZ. He wanted to replace the uncertainty of the trial and error process with a structured approach to resolving difficult engineering problems.
1.3.1 Overview of the laws of evolution 技术进化法则
简单介绍几个技术进化原则，后面有两章深入解释，“技术进化法则”是技术创新和解决问题的大前提！
- law of increasing degree of ideality 趋向理想解，进化目标就是“理想机器”
- law of non-uniform evolution of subsystems 各部件的进化速度不一致，从而系统内部产生矛盾，有矛盾就有发明的机会，避免“木桶中的短板”。
- law of transition to a higher-level system 系统的层级不断提高，从单一系统进化成多系统，从单一功能到多功能
- law of increasing dynamism (flexibility) 灵活性增加，增强适应性。
- law of transition to micro-level 技术系统的组件变得更碎片化和微观化，传统部件变得更微小，使用各种场（energy field）控制，比如切割工具从传统的刀刃到机械再到激光等。
- law of completeness 完备性增强，自动系统的四个组成（an autonomous technological system has four principal parts: working means, transmission, engine and control means），从开始的手动到之后的完全自动化，比如手动对焦的相机到全自动相机。
- law of shortening of energy flow path 能量源（Energy source）越来越接近工作部件（working means），能量传递更快，损失更少；当然还有能力类型和传输方法的改变，都是改进能力传输的效率。
- law of increasing substance–field interactions 增强物场作用，也就是系统中的相互作用越来越多，联系增强。
- law of harmonization of rhythms. 系统的协同性增强，系统产生1+1>2的效果。
20191108 花了大概一两周的下班地铁时间，使用ipad kindle阅读并同时整理到Mweb之中。
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